Bill Gates Essays - Nerd Culture, Altair, Bill Gates, Traf-O-Data

Bill Gates Essays - Nerd Culture, Altair, Bill Gates, Traf-O-Data Bill Gates Presentation Bill Gates and his domain order dread, regard and interest on the planet he made. Microsoft rules the product world like no other organization in a significant customer industry (Electric 1). Precisely how did Bill Gates and his accomplice Paul Allen get their organization to such a colossal stature? The historical backdrop of Microsoft is an exceptionally entrancing past brimming with big business and fervor. The Dawning of an incredible organization Bill Gates and Paul Allen are the fellow benefactors of Microsoft. The beginning of their extraordinary achievement began in secondary school on a work station. All their spare time and cash was spent taking a shot at that terminal. The advancement that truly initiated everything, in the marketing prudence was the point at which they found an article in 1971, in a business magazine about Intel's 4004 chip (Billionaires 70). Before long the two of them discussed the chip and concluded that the microchip can just get upgraded . Later in the year Intel came out with a more up to date chip called the 8008. Bill and Paul at that point went out and purchased their own 8008 for $360 (Billionaires 70). They thought plan in which Gates and Allen would utilize this chip to make a PC to do traffic - volume - check investigation. Entryways and Allen at that point set up their first organization called Traf-O-Data (Billionaires 70). In 1973 the couple found their first legitimate employments, helping TRW in Vancouver, Washington, to utilize minicomputers for the administration and conveyance of intensity from hydroelectric dams (Billionaires 70). Entryways' folks needed him to go to Harvard as opposed to starting a new business with Allen. Definitely, Gates persuaded his companion to move to Boston so they could cooperate, and Allen could find a new line of work programming. It was a magazine article that would eventually transform them. A main story in Popular Electronics depicting the MITS Altair 8800. World's Fi rst Minicomputer Kit to Rival Commercial Models (Billionaires 71). At the point when Bill and Paul planned the Traf-O-Data machine they composed a rendition of BASIC that they may have the option to adjust to the Altair. By April Gates and Allen had completed the language and persuaded MITS to sell it (Billionaires 71). Allen was extended to an employment opportunity by MITS and them two went to work in a little office for MITS. Before long, Microsoft was conceived (Billionaires 71). The Birth of Microsoft first and foremost the administration abilities of Paul Allen and Bill Gates was to some degree free. The two men partook each and every choice that must be made (Billionaires 71). They were both careful business visionaries. In the event that there was any distinction in their jobs in the organization, Allen was the one continually pushing for new innovation, and Gates was increasingly keen on doing arrangements, agreements, and business bargains (Billionaires 71). They obtained information as their organization gradually developed. Microsoft's fundamental business plot was to charge a cost so low that PC creators couldn't do it for less inside (Billionaires 72). Texas Instruments gave Microsoft perhaps the biggest agreement where Texas Instruments offer $99,000 giving programming dialects to a home PC TI was going to deliver. Allen and Gates picked that cost since they would not like to go into six figures (Billionaires 72). They later discovered that TI would have paid considerably more. When Microsoft began offering to Japanese organizations they were overpromised to the point that it was silly Sometimes the business would get a bit of startling. In their absolute first converse with MITS they set it up so the MITS would offer BASIC to their clients. MITS chose later not to sell it in light of the fact that there were such huge numbers of pilfered duplicates of BASIC skimming around that they didn't perceive any reason why they should charge their client s for it. This appeared to Microsoft that MITS was incited theft. Doors and Allen in the end went into intervention to decide whether MITS was agreeing to the agreement (Billionaires 72). While they were in discretion, they were coming up short on cash since MITS was retaining their installments attempting to starve Microsoft to death. The mediator took nine months to go to a choice. At the point when it was all over MITS was tore separated (Billionaires 72). That case truly frightened Allen and Gates. They were stressed that they were going

Branches of Government free essay sample

The US Constitution was made by our Founding Forefathers to be the incomparable law of the United States of America. The Constitution traces association of the administration, the relationship that the government has with the states, and privileges of the residents. It is imperatively critical to talk about why the three parts of government were made in the Constitution, each part of government’s power, obstructions that the division of intensity made, and the contention between bureaucratic versus state power, so as to see how the force and structure of our legislature affected the development of our nation today. Logicians and the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Branches In 1787, America’s ancestors met up to make the most significant record ever, our Constitution. A portion of the Framers objectives in the Constitution were to set up a legislature sufficiently able to meet the nation’s needs, to build up an administration that would not undermine the presence of independent states or the freedom of the country, and to set up an administration dependent on well known assent (Patterson, 2009, pg. 38). There were numerous rationalists with various ways of thinking on how an administration ought to be organized and they inputted those methods of reasoning into the Constitution. There are five primary savants that have affected the government’s structure and their effect has made a reasonable government. These logicians who vigorously impacted the structure of the Constitution are Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Baron De Montesquieu, and Voltaire. During the time of Enlightenment, brains invested their energy attempting to infuse science, rationale, and human attributes into how the individuals would best be served (Gahr, 2011). Thomas Hobbes composed Leviathan (1651), which diagrams an implicit agreement of proper practices and desires for a legislature and its kin. John Locke composed Two Treatises on Government (1690) sketching out normal privileges of life, freedom, and property. Voltaire composed of opportunity of religion, free discourse and resilience. Jean-Jacques Rousseau composed The Social Contract (1762) where he traces that free people who make a legislature that reacts to the people’s will, is the main genuine approach to acquire the assent of the individuals to be represented (The Enlightenment and Democratic Revolutions, 2011). The Philosopher who made a tremendous impact in the arrangement or structure of our Constitution is Baron De Montesquieu. Montesquieu distributed The Spirit of the Law (1748) expressing that the most ideal approach to protect freedom is by a partition of forces, which he proposed a blueprint that isolated the administration into three separate branches (The Enlightenment and Democratic Revolutions, 2011). These methods of reasoning altogether organized our Constitution into a progressively sorted out government. The impact these scholars had on the Founding Fathers is the structure of the United States Government, and laid out in the initial three articles of the Constitution. Article I sets up the forces and restrictions of the Legislative Branch of Congress, comprising of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The quantity of House agents is in proportion to populace of the states and the Senate comprises of two delegates from each state. Article II builds up the forces and impediments of the President. Article III sets up the forces and constraints of the legal branch, which is comprised of The Supreme Court and lower courts as made by Congress (The United States Constitution, 2011). In the making of these three, isolated, and particular powers, our Founding Fathers were ensuring no part of government could overwhelm the other. Three parts of government structure an arrangement of balanced governance and they were not intended to be equivalent. The authoritative branch has the most elevated measure of intensity, trailed by the official and legal branches. Each branch has some association to adjust the other. The official branch has veto control over the enactment and legal capacity to offer a presidential exculpation. The governing body can abrogate a veto from the official office by 66% lion's share. The legal branch can topple laws passed by either the authoritative or the official branch on the off chance that they are seen as illegal (Gahr, 2011). Our ancestors made these various parts of government to have structure, association, and correspondence inside our nation. Snags There are numerous impediments that the division of intensity presents in the endeavor to pass a bill or a law. Each part of government with their various forces must remain inside their protected locale. The lawmaking body is set to be bicameral, with the goal that two bodies were moving in the direction of the benefit of the individuals. Now and again, the two houses would take a shot at a similar law. Today, partisan loyalties drive partner charges in both the House and Senate. The division makes snags forestalling enactment that would be useful for the government assistance of the individuals (ushistory. organization, 2008-2012). The political atmosphere the American individuals at present arrangement with is one brimming with personal circumstance. Delegates are reluctant to work against their companions, party, and greatest givers. Legislators are regularly excessively worried about re-appointment to forfeit their vocations by doing what is to the greatest advantage of the individuals. A case of this conduct is the progressing West Virginia battle against the coal organizations. In an October 2008 shaft, 79% of individuals studied don't need the peak evacuation coal mining. On account of President Bush and his â€Å"midnight regulations,† it not just proceeds with the digging of peak expulsion for coal yet in addition makes it simpler for organizations to dump garbage into valleys and streams (TheGuardian/The Observer, 2008) Conflict At the time the Constitution was composed there was strife between the Federalists who needed enormous amazing governments and the Anti-Federalist who figures force ought to remain to a great extent inside the states who realized their inhabitants best (Patterson, 2011, pg. 64). With the assistance of journalists like James Madison, who composed The Federalist Papers to help voice the comprehension of a majority rule government versus a republic and why the Constitution was best for the United States, the Constitution was endorsed and a perceived leverage was made. With the confirmation of the Constitution more than 200 years prior, we despite everything have people who need to see littler central government and more control inside state government. Ideological group perspectives on this issue are clear. Numerous Republicans think permitting states to settle on choices independently gives each the option to characterize what is ethically and monetarily best for their residents. Numerous Democrats think permitting states to make those judgments restrains the rights and opportunities of residents in those states. A few issues at present contended to be kept in state and from the government association are: social insurance change, gay rights, national training measures, joblessness improvement, and movement. Determination The Constitution is a living report. A manual for permit the residents of the United States of America to oversee themselves, build up equity, guarantee local serenity, have a typical guard, a general government assistance, and to shape a more ideal Union than under government. The Founding Fathers utilized assets of rationalists to comprehend the human condition, and spoke to the residents with assistance of productive essayists and psyches of the day to instruct them. As a living report, the translations vary as new issues emerge and new alterations are included, varying. The first discussion of government versus state power is as yet alive and inspected for level of influence. The administration presented a great many laws and changes for the United States dissimilar to some other fair republic.

Bees Affected by Cell Phones Radiation Essay

Honey bees are evaporating and PDAs are everywhere†¦there unquestionably could be a connection. The Institute of Science in Society conveyed an official statement in April 2007 saying â€Å"one likely guilty party of [CCD] is another class of fundamental pesticides, which are splashed on crops, yet additionally utilized all around to dress seeds in regular farming, and can confound and disorientate honey bees at low concentrations† despite the fact that â€Å"another applicant is a radiation from cell phone base stations that has gotten almost omnipresent in Europe and North America where the honey bees are evaporating; this chance is impressively reinforced by starter discoveries that honey bees neglect to come back to the hives if cordless telephone base stations are put in them.† The accompanying trial may demonstrate that it is about the remote telephones: Researchers at Landau University in Germany planned a basic investigation for understudies on the Environm ental Science course. Eight small scale hives, each with around 8 000 honey bees were set up for the test. Four of them were furnished with a DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication)- station at the base of the hive, and the other four without the DECT-station filled in as controls. At the passageway of each hive, a straightforward plastic cylinder empowered the experimenters to watch the stamped honey bees entering and leaving the hive, so they can be checked and their season of return after discharge recorded for a time of 45 minutes. The experimenters likewise contemplated constructing conduct by estimating the territory of the honeycomb and its weight. Over the span of the analysis, three states presented to cell phone radiation and one non-uncovered control province separated. The all out loads of the honeycombs in all settlements, including those at the hour of breakdown were thought about. The controls gauged 1 326g, while those presented to the DECT-stations weighed just 1 045g, a distinction of 21 percent. The all out region of the honeycomb in the controls was 2 500, contrasted with only 2050 in the uncovered hives. In any case, it was the quantity of returning honey bees and their returning occasions that were tremendously extraordinary. For two control hives, 16 out of 25 honey bees returned quickly. For the two microwave-uncovered hives, in any case, no honey bees at all came back to one hive, and just six came back to the next. The article keeps, saying: Plainly the current discoveries should be taken a lot further, however their importance ought not be made light of for various reasons. The discoveries are good with proof amassing from examinations on numerous different species including people, demonstrating that cell phone radiation is related with a scope of wellbeing dangers including malignant growths. Moreover, honey bees are known to be very delicate to attractive and electromagnetic fields, and there have been numerous recommendations that they could be utilized as a marker species for electromagnetic contamination.

Samples of an Essay for College Secrets That No One Else Knows About

Samples of an Essay for College Secrets That No One Else Knows About You will get a high-quality paper that will satisfy each one of your expectations. Therefore, it runs with amazing accuracy with no downtimes. Thirdly, you need to ensure the truth of writing. What You Don't Know About Samples of an Essay for College It's crucial that you learn early on how best to compose effective essays that communicate clearly and accomplish certain objectives. Gauging your progress is vital because it accords you the chance to correct your essay model accordingly. Make sure in any academic paperwork you do, never forget the significance of coherence, essay analysis of ideas, and finally, creativity. What You Need to Do About Samples of an Essay for College Starting in the Next 20 Minutes At this time you must conceptualize certain facets of the topic and write unique subheads. This portion of the essay is where you restate your general point and to earn an obvious ending of the topic. It's clearly evident that the author, a renowned socialist, harbors a great deal of concern so far as class and societal issues are involved. Regardless of what's the goal of your essay, there's a preset number of points you will be expected to deal with. The Argument About Samples of an Essay for College Searching for the ideal essay templates are able to help you start up your writing endeavor. Printable essay outline templates completely free pdf word examples writing an essay or an assignment can be an extremely difficult job especially when you've got tons. When choosing a topic for your essay, you're going to want to ensure that your topic supports the kind of paper you're predicted to write. If you're predicted to make a paper that's an overall overview, then an overall topic will suffice. A seasoned professional will make an error-free assignment right away and can help you boost your grades. Now each part of the essays format might relatively vary. however, it is t he regular norm of having the introduction. It's very useful to take writing apart as a way to see just the way that it accomplishes its objectives. As you pay for homework, we provide those options at no cost. Samples of an Essay for College: the Ultimate Convenience! Choosing our service, you are going to understand that studying can be simple if you gain from the aid of competent experts. If you would like to create a college essay which works, you will need to provide importance on the content you will supply the admissions officer of your intended university with. College essays are indispensable for academic and admission purposes, so when you want to crack an examination, you can require assist. Essay writing help is any kind of assistance available in the writing of essays either as supportive support or overall customization help. Your college essay should contain information that relate to the instruction provided to you. Just because you've already written a coll ege essay for a single university doesn't mean that it may also apply on your next applications. Developing a fantastic college essay are able to lose its purpose in the event the content of what you've written is not what the university is asking for. Writing the college application essay can be among the most daunting sections of applying to college. All the above mentioned relatives have accomplished age-appropriate developmental tasks. My buddies say I am a really funny and an intriguing girl with a fantastic sense of humor. A couple of the paternal members are deceased at age forty and eighty-eight. You may even select an available writer to communication panel, which gives an immediate communication between the author and the customer. Last, the detail of real speech makes the scene pop. Work on an expert persona. Pick a writer from a big group of experts. What Everybody Dislikes About Samples of an Essay for College and Why Moreover, narrative essays are the mos t often encountered essays, which likewise tell a story. As an example, lets assume the target of your essay is to compose an overview. The introduction is the initial paragraph of the essay. Before you even begin writing the content of your college essay, there are a number of essay writing basic guide that you always need to remember. Download Informative Essay Outline Template You may also utilize it to rate your essay and be in a position to learn how to plan your story. You might also find the Essay Samples. Essay Outline Templates Free, Writing an essay or an assignment can be quite a challenging job, especially once you've got lots of assignments to do and you haven't any idea the very best approach to approach each essay or assignment. Have a look at the Descriptive Essay Examples from the site and get a notion for yourself.

Obama Perfect Union Speech - Contemporary Racism - 1070 Words

Contemporary Racism President Obama’s speech â€Å"A More Perfect Union† was a response to many outbursts made about things that Reverend Jeremiah Wright, Obama’s former pastor, had said on issues of racism. The reverend made statements that Obama called dismissive when what the world needed most was unity to overcome the continual racism in the country. Quotes from the Reverend such as â€Å"In the 21st century, white America got a wake-up call after 9/11/01. White America and the western world came to realize that people of color had not gone away, faded into the woodwork or just ‘disappeared’ as the Great White West kept on its merry way of ignoring black concerns† and â€Å"Racism is how this country was founded and how this country is still†¦show more content†¦By talking about the dependence of schools on the income of the people living in the areas surrounding, Obama points out that privileged white kids are able to come out on top verses an Af rican American child who grew up in an underfunded school. These white kids then get into more prestigious colleges, in turn landing more high paying jobs than the majority of their African American counterparts. Obama also goes on to talk about how people try to act like there is no racism anymore even though it is so blatantly out there. He quoted â€Å"Talk show hosts and conservative commentators built entire careers unmasking bogus claims of racism while dismissing legitimate discussions of racial injustice and inequality as mere political correctness or reverse racism.† He talks about how things like this widen the gap of racism and how we need to work to close the gap instead. He calls it a racial stalemate saying, â€Å"Contrary to the claims of some of my critics, black and white, I have never been so naà ¯ve as to believe that we can get beyond our racial divisions in a single election cycle, or with a single candidacy — particularly a candidacy as imperfect as my own.† Obama believes that only by exposing the true roots of racism can we move forward, slowly but with conviction. He encourages more debate and open discussion instead of hiding behind polite pol itical facades. â€Å"But I have asserted a firm conviction — a conviction rooted in myShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesCalifornia State Polytechnic University These examples work quite well. Their diversity, literacy, ethnic sensitivity, and relevancy should attract readers. Stanley Baronett. Jr., University of Nevada Las Vegas Far too many authors of contemporary texts in informal logic – keeping an eye on the sorts of arguments found in books on formal logic – forget, or underplay, how much of our daily reasoning is concerned not with arguments leading to truth-valued conclusions but with making choices

The History of Tattoos Essays - 2153 Words

A tattoo is a permanent mark or design made on the skin by a process of pricking and ingraining an indelible pigment into the punctures or by raising scars. This is the definition; however, to many a tattoo has more of an abstract, personal meaning. Tattoos symbolize individuality, experiences, status, religion, and art. They come in many shapes, sizes, colors, designs, and styles. The history behind the tattoo is just as fascinating as the tattoo itself. Whether flaunted or hidden, sought as art or bought out of a whim, the tattoo has left its mark on generation after generation (Krakow). The purpose of tattooing varies from culture to culture, person to person, and its place on the time line. The essay will examine the following†¦show more content†¦For example, the ferocity of a tiger would belong to the tattooed person. The Ainu are noted for introducing tattoos to Japan where it developed into a religious and ceremonial rite. Dayak warriors who had taken a head had tatt oos on their hands (â€Å"A Brief History of Tattoos†). The tattoos garnered respect and solidified the owner’s status for life. Polynesians developed tattoos to mark tribal communities, families, and rank. They brought their art to New Zealand and developed a facial style of tattooing called Moko which is still being used today (â€Å"A Brief History of Tattoos†). There is evidence that the Mayan, Incas, and Aztecs used tattooing in rituals as well as the isolated tribes of Alaska. In the West, early Danes, Norse, and Saxons tattooed family crests (a tradition still practiced today). In 787 AD, Pope Hadrian banned tattooing, yet it still thrived in Britain until the Norman Invasion of 1066 when the Normans disdained tattooing. As a result tattooing disappeared from Western culture from the 12th to the 16th centuries. While tattooing diminished in the West, it thrived in Japan. Originally, it was used as a means of identifying criminals. First offenses were marked with a line across the forehead, a second crime was marked by adding an arch, and a third offense was marked by another line. Together these marks formed the Japanese character for dog. Anthropologists argue that this was the original three strikes you’re outShow MoreRelatedThe History of Tattoos926 Words   |  4 PagesAre tattoos, a permanent marking of the skin for many generations, indicating a rebel or a mischievous male in past generations a now a rising trend? Looking around today, it may seem as though everybody has at least some type of tattoo on their body, from a small butterfly, to a giant piece of artwork, well detailed and thought about thoroughly. It seems as though trends come and go, like a certain style of clothing, make up, or music type. But are tattoos one? Even though tattoos have recentlyRead MoreThe History of Tattoos1799 Words   |  8 PagesThe Beginning of Tattoos Different cultures tattoo for different reasons like, protection, rank in society, adornment of the body and coming of age. Regardless of why people are tattooed, they have been tattooing since before the birth of Christ. Throughout history tattooing has served many purposes. The earliest evidence of tattooing was found in 1991 in the mountains of Austria. An Iceman was found, his bones dated back to 3,300 B.C. which is over 5300 years ago. His skinRead MoreHistory of Tattoos Essay1965 Words   |  8 PagesMalisa Smith The History of Tattoos Axia College University of Phoenix Tattoos have been around throughout our history, from Egyptian times to the present day. Many people may say they know the history of tattoos, and where they originate from, but do they really? Does one know that there were reasons that some people had tattoos? There may be people who know the actual history of tattoos and body art and why one would decide to get one; however there are people who do not. To be able to understandRead MoreThe History of Piercings and Tattoos1070 Words   |  5 PagesThe History of Tattoos and Body Piercing The largest organ in the human body is the skin. Some people choose to express themselves through decorating their skin with tattoos, piercing and other kinds of body art. Its true origin, symbolism, variety, and modern day versions go way back in time. The first tattoo known to man, was found on Otzi, the â€Å"Icemanâ€Å", in 1991. Otzi himself is from around 4,000 B.C. Fifty-eight tattoos were found on him, they were all made of lines and dots. No realRead MoreModern Day Reasoning For Tattoos1470 Words   |  6 PagesIn a recent Fox News poll, an astounding one in five voters in America admitted to having at least one tattoo (Blanton, 2014). Body art has become increasingly popular over the past several years among a wide range of individuals. With so much attention on tattoos, it is a wonder how and when tattooing began. However, no one really knows for certain when tattooing began, or how it began for that matter. The belief is that tattooing began â€Å"at least by 3300 BCE. That is how far back anthropologistsRead MoreTattoos And Its Effects On Society1355 Words   |  6 Pages Tattoos have been around for ages they are done either for cultural expression or religion. Tattoos for most people is a way to express themsel ves, some people even get them in memory of a loved one that is not around anymore. People with visible tattoos are facing issues in getting hired and keeping a job. Every employer has different policies and rules about visible tattoos in the workplace and is allowed to enforce it any way they can to keep their positive company image. It is important howRead MoreIdeology Of Facial Tattoos1245 Words   |  5 PagesFacial tattoos where common in the past centuries however, they no longer are seen in today’s society. They were used as a sign of power and authority but, today’s society has changed the meaning of facial tattoos. The hegemonic society has labeled facial tattoos as deviant, and those who have a facial tattoo are placed into a subculture. â€Å"Tattooing is the most established form of non-mainstream body art in the west, having been practiced by modern Europeans and Americans for centuries† (Pitts 5)Read MoreInformative Speech On Tattoos1286 Words   |  6 Pages Tattooing is a body modification practice used for centuries across the globe. Because of the multiple origins of tattoos, there are several techniques and countless styles. Every tattoo is unique in meaning to the person that receives it, though often they can fit into generalized categories. Tattoos have fallen in and out of popularity over the course of history, though they have never and most likely will never disappear. II. Specific Purpose and Need to Know: According to WrittenRead More The Tattoo Process and Significance Of Tattoos Essay1735 Words   |  7 PagesSignificance of Tattoos In the past, tattoos were commonly thought of as trashy or bad. One would often relate them to bikers, rock and heavy metal stars, pirates, or gangsters. That has considerably changed over the years. According to Swan, In 2003 approximately 40 million Americans reported to have at least one tattoo. Todays culture is still fascinated with tattooing. In the 1990s, tattoos were the sixth fastest growing retail behind the Internet, paging services, computer and cellRead MoreTattoos Essay812 Words   |  4 Pagesabout the history of tattoos, how tattoos are made, and the impact of tattoos in society. Research shows that people have been experimenting with tattoos for many years, as early as c. 2000 B.C. The ancient Egyptians were the ones to help popularize the idea of tattooing. Tattoos have many meanings behind them depending on the culture. Such as for the Ancient Asian cultures tattoos were to help sustain strong physical health. Another example would be the military personnel w ho get a tattoo to show

Auditing and Assurance Services Depreciation

Question: Discuss about the Auditing and Assurance Services Depreciation. Answer: 1. Based on management letter from last year the revenue and capital expenditures were not properly classified. Some revenue expenditure had been capitalized I.e. repair and maintenance expense must have been recorded in Income statement. Similarly there was big irregularity in treatment of depreciation. That is depreciation had range fluctuations in each asset category and the recorded rate of depreciation on buildings, plant and machinery, fixtures fittings and equipment. The Audit procedure adopted to ensure accuracy of property plant and equipment is as follow: Firstly the auditor should verify the opening balances. The opening balances must be matched with last year closing figures. The auditor should also examine whether the balance as per the fixed assets records reconcile with those as per the ledger and the final statements after that he should opt for Ownership, Existence Valuation and Insurance In carrying out the audit of property, plant and equipment the auditor is concerned primarily with obtaining evidence about their ownership, existence, valuation and insurance. As the items of capital expenditure are included in additions for the year and expenditure of revenue nature must not be capitalized. For ownership the auditor must check Bill must be in the name of Green Brown ltd. Bill must be authentic In case of doubt the auditor can seek external confirmation from third parties Leasing agreement Title deeds and records of payment in regard to acquisition of new such asset should be verified Existence Physical verification The auditor should pay particular attention to the system of recording the movements as well as other controls over such fixed assets e.g. their physical verification at periodic intervals by the branch management and / or by inspection/internal/concurrent audit team. Any Discrepancy The auditor should also examine whether discrepancies have been properly dealt with in the books of accounts and adequate provision in respect of any damaged assets has been made. Substantial expenditure The auditor should examine whether any expenditure incurred on a fixed asset after it has been brought to its working condition for its intended use, has been dealt in accordingly. Classification It should be examined whether the plants and equipment have been properly classified. Plant and equipments of similar nature only should be grouped together. Transfer Many a times equipments are transferred from one branch to another. Under construction Where premises or plant are under construction it should be seen that they are shown under a separate heading like premises under construction Valuation The valuation should be done as per the relevant laws and regulations. On prudence basis the value should be lower of 1) value as per records or 2) The value of sale. The rate of depreciation is to be vouched thoroughly as it is likely that the rate of depreciation applied is not as the depreciation policy of the company i.e. for building 2 4% Straight line, plant and machinery 5-10% straight line method and for fixture fitting and equipment 5-20% straight line method. For this a separate valuation sheet should be prepared by the auditor and reconciled cautiously as there are chances of inter setoffs and intra setoffs of depreciation. In case of transfer the auditor should examine whether accumulated depreciation in respect of such asset is also transferred. The auditor must ensure that no revenue expenditure is capitalized particularly for under construction asset this can be done by adopting substantive procedures. Also the repair and maintenance ledger should be checked accordingly. The borrowing cost allocated to such assets must be capitalized as per relevant standard on accounting. In case of composite acquisition the costs must be allocate d to different assets on a rational basis. The auditor ensure that the cost incurred by way of commission or installation expense or any other cost which incurred to bring plant or equipment to the company are capitalized. Ensure that in case of imported plant and equipments the duties of which no credit is available must be capitalized. Profit or loss on sale of asset must not be capitalized to asset account also the cost, accumulated depreciation should be reduced from such assets for items which were scrapped and have no residual value. The amortization records must be vouched thoroughly. In case of leasehold premises, capitalization and amortization of lease premium should be examined. Any improvement to leasehold asset should be amortized over their residual life. Revaluation / Impairment Where the property plant and equipment are revalued the auditor should examine the appropriateness of the basis of revaluation. The auditor should check whether the revaluation / impairment have been made in accordance with relevant standard. The property, plant and equipment is to be treated in accordance of capitalized product on purchase, however any repair and maintenance must be treated as revenue item and shown in Income statement. Insurance The auditor must ensure that the property plant and equipments are adequately insured. As insurance safeguard the company against any unexpected or contingent losses. The cost of insurance is a bearable cost that must be paid to ensure safety. The above specified audit procedures as per the relevant standards are must to vouch for accuracy of financial statements. Any deviations in depreciation and other financial figures must either be rectified and if not, must be reported in audit report. Audit procedure ensures that all financial errors are tracked and any discrepancy is reported. Audit procedure in respect of depreciation explained above. The concerned risk is that there is range of depreciation rate between categories that is the depreciation is not uniform for different classes of assets. Such range is not correct and one stable rate system must be adopted. The rate of depreciation applied to the asset is also too low. The depreciation rate must be as per the law in force and any deviation in depreciation rates must be reported 2. On attending the inventory count of the client Davis Hydraulics Ltd the observations made were: The counting of stock was done on instruction of Supervisor, and the allocations made were based on his direction thus the counting was done on basis of single person direction on basis of divided efforts so there are upmost changes of error , i.e. under or over statement The entire stock count was based on random employee based counting. The figures of stock counting were done on plain paper with pencil making it even more variable to quality vouching and optimizing chances of error. There were multiple involvement of staff also as the staff member who has completed his work was assigned to help another member. Then at end also the complete consolidation was done by supervisor himself. Weakness Improvement Supervisor involve in stock recording at primary level The supervisor must not involve in stock recording at primary level as it may not give the true and fair view of stock. The supervisor needs to supervise all the sub-ordinates involve in stock recognition; if he himself indulges in the same activity then he cannot effectively supervise all the sub-ordinates. The supervisor had complete control of assignment and the subordinate were bound to follow his instructions only. A single person control leads to chances of manipulation and thus random audit to his figures must be vouched. Stock recording on blank papers The stock recording must be on the printed sheets having company name on it also the sheets should be serially numbered so that chances for manipulation are very low. Also the sheets must be secured from access by junior staff. Name and Signature All the sheets must be signed with name of staff to make them accountable for the stock recording. The accountability of each staff must be determined so that in case of variances the accountable person could be cross questioned Stock recording with pencil This activity must be stopped as one can easily manipulate the records. The recording must be by pen as any change can easily be identified. Also the effectiveness of stock calculation enhances as one knows that the rectification can be seen easily. Proper error free practice must be implemented and the stock vouching must be done in an organized way with pen. Staff Assistance to another staff This is a bad practice as if any discrepancy is found then the identification of the staff responsible for the same is difficult and thus no one can held responsible. Also one may complete the task just for the sake of their personal talks with the other subordinate which defeat the whole concept of stock recording. The staff who has completed his work and is assisting the other may not give his best and may affect accuracy of results too, so only each staff must be allocated equal segment and it must not be shared Sampling The supervisor must be checking the work done by the staff on sample basis to ensure the effectiveness. The practice of random sampling, observations and monitoring must be done to ensure that the chances of deviation are least. Supervisor final stock count In Audit the maker should not be the checker so work done by supervisor must be cross check by higher officials, only then the final stock recording can be done. There must be cross check of figures provided by supervisor and internal audit or third-party assistance can be taken to vouch the same Stock monitoring system like bin cards , online inventory management , proper accounts must be practices so that the figures given by supervisor or revealed through stock audit could be matched with one as per records and based on which any deviations resulting from manipulations , theft , etc could be analyzed and reported. References Michael, J.,Mard, James,R.,Hitchner , Steven,D.,Hyden.(2010). Valuation for Financial Reporting: Fair Value, Business Combinations, Intangible Assets, Goodwill and Impairment Analysis. 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